Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
The internet is a
worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to
exchange data through telephone wires and satellite links. Internet users are
people with access to worldwide network. Internet users can share varies information
topic such as economic, entertainment and health. World Bank Report (2011)
cited by Trading Economic (2012), stated that the internet users in Malaysia
was last reported at 15705762.40 in 2010. According to Grandinettii (2000), more
than 70,000 websites provide health information and consumer use of the internet
for health information is large and growing. According to Nielson Net Index
Study (2011) cited in Yahoo! Advertising
Southeast Asia (2010), from 19 major search engines in the internet,
health information was ranked fourth most searched item by Malaysian.
With the existence of many health
related websites, it provides many benefits to consumers, especially nurses.
Prendiville, Sauders, & Fitzsimons, (2009), stated that research shows that
health professional’s use of the internet to obtained health and medical
information has increased. Health
professional’s defines as a doctors,
nurses, pharmacies and others which who deal direct to the patient and health.
According to Contillo (2012), American
Academic of Nurses Practitioners Survey stated that more than 98 percent of
nurses responded that they use the internet. In that survey, they found that
nurses used the website of health information in the internet for several
reasons such as for online Nursing Continuing Education for license, Podcasts
for update information in health, blogs for
sharing detail nursing practice issues, patients stories, fears,
triumphs or even family and leisure activities, information sites for clarify
for example unfamiliar terms or check spelling to make sure the medication
order are correct, mobile medicine for
traveler to assess their medical risk, support groups for patients online
community, consults for home care nurse, job search for sharing work-related
issue and creating nursing community for its ability to be used for mentoring
and creating a sense of share purpose.
Although nurses have many benefits from
the use of the health information Internet but there are barriers that make the
nurse cannot use these facilities maximally. In general, nurses report the
following barrier to obtaining information which are lack of time, lack of
access to information and lack of searching skills (Dee & Standley, 2005).
Although a detailed analysis of a fact is beyond the scope of this view,
demographics of the nursing works force and the number of year’s exposure to
the online resources are undoubtedly factors in how comfortable a nurse is
likely to fell with searching for online information ( Tannery, Wessel,
Epstein, & Gadd, 2007).
Now, let's go back to our Malaysian nurses.
So far, very difficult to get an article that touches on how the behavior or
the barriers faced by Malaysian nurses in search of health information using
the internet. According to McKnight (2006), in nursing, the majority of
published studied concentrate on academic nursing students and are usually very
library centric, concentrating on what resources are being used. However, it
does not mean that nurses do not use the internet in Malaysia in search of
health information or do not have a serious problem in search of health
information. Based on the experience and observation of researcher for 13 years
as a clinical nurse and 2 years as nursing tutor, nurses do not use the internet
in clinical areas because of several factors. The main factor is the lack of
internet access in the ward, followed by lack of time, lack of skill and lack
of knowledge of searching specific web sites related to nursing and medical
such as journals. Besides the lack of motivation, no mentoring and guidance
from the top also cause nurses are not aware of the need to search for
health-related information via the internet.
Base on the phenomenon, researcher plan
to conduct a research on barrier toward health information-seeking on the
Internet among Malaysian nurses. This study will explore on the attitude of nurses on health
information-seeking on the internet and the barrier toward health
information-seeking on the Internet among Malaysian nurses. At the end of this
study will hopefully be able to make improvements related to the appropriate
methods to reduce barriers to nursing institutions can be beneficial to nurses
themselves, patients, organizations and subsequent nursing institutions in
particular.
1.2
Statement of the problem
According
to Sulaiman (2003), researchers need a problem statement. Problems in the
research necessary for researchers to discuss moves to benefit from it. In this
study, problem statement has been identified through researcher experience along
13 years as a nurse, and by observation of the attitude of nurses around the
situation.
Experience
and observation as a clinical nurse and
nursing tutor
Throughout
his career as a nurse researcher who had worked in the ward situation, in
critical areas, in the clinic and the technical support Unit, the internet is
very important to find health information.
However, internet facilities are only available in
certain places in the hospital such as in doctors room, nurse manager's room
and library. With the busy routine nursing care, nurses do not have time to go
to the library to use the internet. Wi-fi line was expanded in all areas of the
hospital but almost 99% of nurses do not carry a laptop to work place. For nurses who have a cell phone internet,
they will share the gadget with friends who need help in finding the meaning of
such a word, looking for information about the disease or medication. Usually
the nurse will find information at home. However, the information is always
retained search for nurses who do not have internet access at home.
Lack of knowledge and skills in searching for health
information using the internet is one of the obstacles. Through conversation
and daily activities with other nurses, nurses are only looking for health
information using Google or Yahoo page. Nurses do not know the use of various
search engines and web sites in search of materials such as journals such as
Pubmed, Ovid, Sage and others. Some nurses just learn on the internet for
finding information when they are student nurse and there is no course that
allows nurses to sharpen these skills.
For students, they viewed adept at using the
internet in search of health information. They can surf the internet at libraries
and through the laptop. However, the attitudes of students who only use the
internet if they have a task assigned by the tutor is very regrettable.
For nurses in the field of education, use of the
internet to find health information is excellence. However, since not many
websites or journal that can be accessed for free, it can sometimes reduce the
sense of novice teachers to use the internet and find comfort with the material
through the book.
1.3
Purpose of the study
The
determination of specific goals and objective of the study to be conducted is a
very important step. Clear objective of the study will help researchers
determine the hypothesis or research question
(Mohamed Izham, 2004).
1.3.1
General Objective
In
this research will be identify the
barrier toward health information seeking on the internet among Malaysian
nurses
1.3.2
Specific Objective
At the end of this research, researchers will be
able to : -
1. Identify the barrier toward health
information seeking on the internet among Malaysian nurses
2. Identify the impact of the barrier
toward health information seeking on the internet among Malaysian nurses
3. Identify demographic relations with the
barrier toward health information seeking on the internet among Malaysian
nurses
1.4 Research question
A
research question is a concise question which expresses what the research
project aims to find out. It is crucial to have a clearly defined research
question before starting to collect your data, as it will give the structure
and focus necessary to get meaningful and useful results (Ripfa, 2002)
1.4.1
The research topic
Barrier
toward health information-seeking on the internet among Malaysian nurses
1.4.2
Research question
What
are the barriers toward health information-seeking on the internet among
Malaysian nurses ?
1.5
Significance of the study
According to Mohamed Izham (2004), the significance
of the study explains why the study should be done.
1.5.1 Nurses
This
study will identify barriers toward health information-seeking on the internet
among Malaysian nurses, identify the impact of these barriers and identify the demographic
factors related to the barriers. After identified the barriers faced by nurses,
improvement measures will be made to reduce these barriers. By knowing the
impact of these barriers, it is hoped the nurse and the management involved,
such as hospital management takes a serious view of this problem and find the
best solution to solve the problem which it will benefit to nurses, patients, hospitals
and nursing organizations.
1.5.2
Patient
This study is related to the barrier toward
health information-seeking on the internet. If the nurse was on duty in the
clinical area, by identifying these barriers and improvements can be done,
patients will get quick information on the disease with the latest and
persuasive if the nurse to include evidence from past studies on nursing care. This
will increase the patient satisfaction to the nurses in term of the knowledge and initiative of nurses to
answer their questions.
1.5.3
Hospital and nursing organization
This
study will identify barriers toward health information-seeking on the internet
among Malaysian nurses, identify the impact of these barriers and identify the demographic
factors related to the barriers. After the improvements made, it will have an
impact on nurses and customer satisfaction will enhance the image of the
organization and the value of the nurse.
1.6
Delimitation of the study
Delimitations are restrictions or bounds that
researchers impose prior to the inception of the study to narrow the scope of a
study. Delimitations and limitations are discussed to analyze possible threats
to the study's validity and to acknowledge existing flaws to the research
design. Delimitations are choices made by the
researcher which should be mentioned (Drake, 2001).
The delimitation of this study is the researcher
chooses to look only at health information seeking barrier among the Malaysian nurses
1.7
Definition of terms
Definition
of terms is a very brief section consisting of a series of definitions of the
key terms or concepts found in the proposal (Drake, 2001).
Health information
Health information will refer to clinical
knowledge such as drug information, nursing assessments, articles and nursing
best practice guidelines and resources to seek better understand in health
situation and plan of care.
Health information seeking
The three main ways of accessing online health
information are searching for health information, participating in support
groups and interacting with health professionals. Nurses may use
the computer to search drug databases, libraries and best practice resources to
obtain important information related to the diagnosis and care or find health education
information for you.
The health information can be find
using the tools such as MedlinePlus, Healthfinder, Cancer.gov , Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, familydoctor.org, Healthfinder,
HIV
InSite, Kidshealth,
MayoClinic, MedlinePlus and NOAH: New York Online
Access to Health.
Health Insight which are content
of a health information site for consumers.
Internet
The Internet is a worldwide collection of
computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common
software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet users
can share information in a variety of forms.
For
nurses, the use of computer technology provides quick access to important
information about your health or illness. Nurses may also use a small hand held computer known as Personal
Digital Assistants or PDAs.
Malaysian
Nurses
Malaysian nurses referring to clinical nurses. Quoting
from former Malaysian first lady, Toh Puan Sri Siti Hasmah Hj Mohamad Ali
(2003), asserts that nurses need to be skilled in the use of internet-enabled
progress as citizens of developing countries. With the skills and knowledge in
technology, it can improve the image of nursing profesion.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
Literature
review is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing
scholarly materials about a specific topic (Fink, 2009). After doing a
literature review and see some examples of research related barrier toward
health information-seeking, some information has been obtained.
Quoting
his Secretary General Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Dato’ Dr.
Halim Man, Malaysia is on the move in the modern and sophisticated technology.
The government has provided infrastructure facilities to provide ICT facilities
and encourage Malaysians use the internet in their daily work. The Government
has allocated RM 12.9 billion in the RMK-9 to realize the project and programs
related to the ICT state. Effort to promote information and communication
technology is expected to have a positive impact to the community and further
develop the country’s human capital up to a global level (Rancangan
Pembangunan IC T Negara, 2010)
There are
clear message from government to enhance
the quality of Malaysian citizen in using the Internet. The nurses also should
take advantage of the abundance of this facility so that the image of nursing
staff on par with other sectors and not be left
behind. Nursing Malaysia using the Internet in daily business, but no
evidence of widespread Internet use among Malaysian nurses.
2.1 Previous
studies
2.1.1 Health
information-seeking on the internet
Research
shows that health professionals’ use of the internet to obtain health and
medical information has also increased (Tang &Ng, 2006). The wealth of information available
means that ‘healthcare professionals are increasingly finding that they have
more information available than they can handle with confidence in their busy
time schedules’ and ‘the hardest task
now is to actually locate the information required from the flood of information
received’ (Davies, 2007).
Jones,
Katherine, and Pesut (2011) found in their research that the primary reasons
clinical nurses conducted web-based information searches included direct
patient request, colleague requests, building patient materials collections,
patients’ family requests, routine teaching, personel development and staff
development. According to Contillo (2012), American Academic of
Nurses Practitioners Survey stated that more than 98 percent of nurses
responded that they use the internet. In that survey, they found that nurses
used the website of health information in the internet for several reasons such
as for online Nursing Continuing Education for license, Podcasts for update
information in health, blogs for sharing
detail nursing practice issues, patients stories, fears, triumphs or even
family and leisure activities, information sites for clarify for example
unfamiliar terms or check spelling to make sure the medication order are correct, mobile medicine for traveler to
assess their medical risk, support groups for patients online community,
consults for home care nurse, job search for sharing work-related issue and
creating nursing community for its ability to be used for mentoring and
creating a sense of share purpose.
2.1.2 Barrier toward health
information-seeking on the internet
While
there is an increasing interest in, and use of, the internet by health
professionals to obtain information, there are still a number of barriers evident.
Common
barriers to nurses’ information seeking on clinical unit are lack of access to
the most relevant resources, search results that are too large to be useful,
search results that retrieve information that is incomplete, inaccurate,
inconsistent and non-evidences based and information that is to difficult to
read or understand.
In study
by Dee & Stanley (2005), nursing students are shown to use some online
resources more often than clinical nurse which are 96% compared to 4 % of
clinical nurse in one study. 76% of clinical nurses in the study felt that
their lack of database searching skills was holding them back compared to
students 8%. Access to a physical computer at work remains an issues which are
75% of the nursing student had access and only 50% of the clinical staff were
in the same fortunate position. In Jones, Katherine, and Pesut (2011) study
also found that lack of knowledge about specific resources or the technologies
required to use them, as well as previous negative experience with specific
resources, were also important factors that hampered effective information
searching and retrieval in clinical practice. Their finding stated that the
clinical nurse were not particularly comfortable or confident or comfortable
with their web searching skills. The specific characteristics of information
resources also posed barriers to effective use. Browser-based search engines,
for example, maximize search results, leading to long, un diffentiated list of
both appropriate and inappropriate information resources.
Cogdill
(2003) stated that for clinical nurse, the perceived urgency of situation is
also seen to have a negative effect on the potential of information seeking via
online. Similar with study by Jones, Katherine, and Pesut (2011) that found
time requirement were identified as the primary barrier to effective use of
web-based recourses. Clinical nurses simply do not time to search for materials and filter the information during
working hours especially when patients of family members are waiting for
information.
Organizational
barrier commonly cited among participating nurses concerned hospital policies
and procedures that dictated preference of intranet packages. Policies limited
access to certain websites, and in some cases, discourage the use of the web
from clinical units (Jones, Katherine, and Pesut, 2011). Dee and Stanley (2005)
found that the other barrier is
perception of nurses that library was only for physicians.
Some
nurses believe they do not have the necessary skills to appraise the
information critically (Koivunan, Valimaki & Hatonen, 2010). Jones,
Katherine, and Pesut (2011) support that finding which in their research found
nurses participants who used Google or other searching engines were, on
average, willing to browse through eight documents before giving up.
Participants were also unwilling to dig deeply into a recourse before
abandoning it.
Demographics
of the nursing workforce and number of years’ exposure to online resources are
undoubtedly factors in how comfortable a nurse is likely to feel with searching
or online information (Tannery, et al. 2007 ; Andrews, et al, 2005; Winter, et
al, 2007; Doney, Barlow & West, 2005). Renahy and Chauvin (2006) noted that
numerous studies examined what users demographic traits were associated with
health information seeking on the Internet. Nearly all quantitative studies
reported more women were searching for health information on the Internet than men.
The other two most studied demographic variables were education level and
income, where higher levels of each were associated with health information seeking.
2.1.3 Solution
to barrier toward health information-seeking on the internet
Some
authors propose a clinical librarian role as a solution to the difficulty of
accessing information (Coumou &Meijman, 2006). In areas that are
geographically remote, outreach librarians may help, particularly if they
establish a personal relationship with their users. (Bryant, S.L.(2004). An
improvement in search ability amongst many professionals following training
intervention from a librarian is noted (Brown, 2007). Both academic health
sciences librarians and hospital can assist with clinical nurses time
constraints by offering training classes on trusted, up-to-date health care
information resources and basic computer skills to prepare nurses for database
searching (Dee & Stanley, 2005).
2.1.4
Limitation of the study on Internet –base information-seeking
behavior
Although the internet on general
information-seeking behavior is vast, and forms part of the curricula of
several library schools, relatively little recent investigation has been
carried out into how medical and health care professionals search for internet-based
online information(Younger, 2010). Some recent study studies have examined the
broader landscape of health information in general (Curtis, Weller & Hurd,
1997, cited by Younger, 2010). There is a lack of studies examining the
Internet searching information behavior of clinical and healthcare staff.
2.2 Theoretical
framework
Information seeking Model (Figure 1) illustrates the
relationships between the concepts of user, need, uses and user behavior. The model suggests that the user perceives a need in the
context of the user's environment. That is, in a given environment or event
(e.g. university course) the user will perceive an information need (research a
paper). The perceived need will lead the user to search for information, making
demands upon a variety of information sources.
Information seeking behavior may lead to either a
success or a failure. If successful, information is located which will be used.
This may result in the satisfaction or non-satisfaction of the original
perceived need. Satisfaction occurs when the located information has been
analyzed and satisfies the original need. Non-satisfaction occurs when the
information does not satisfy the original need. Each of the steps that one uses while going
through the information seeking behavior process, as outline in the model, may
be referred to as strategies. Some information seeking behavior may require
only one strategy such as using the librarian for help or make tutorial. When
all the needed information is found, which results in satisfaction of the
user's information need, the search process is ended. Some information seeking
behavior may require many strategies with the user calling upon a variety of
information sources because the information need is not thoroughly satisfied (Hayden, 2012).
Figure
1: Information Seeking Model - Adapted from Wilson and Krieklas (1983)
CHAPTER III
METHODS
3.1
Research design
The research design is defined as, it is the plan
for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained (Chua, 2003).
In
this study, a descriptive survey design will adopted, using a mailed
questionnaire to collect qualitative and quantitative data.
3.2
Sampling
In
research, terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken
from a larger population for measurement. The sample should be representative
of the population to ensure that we can generalize the findings from the
research sample to the population as a whole. (Chua,
2003).
3.2.1 Study population (N=100)
In this study, the study population is a clinical Malaysian nurses.
3.2.2 Sampling Population
In this study, the sampling population is a clinical nurses who
are still in service until 2013.
3.2.2.1 Inclusion Criteria
(i)
Clinical
nurses who are still in service until 2013.
3.2.2.2 Exclusion Criteria
(i)
New graduate nurses least then 6 month in service.
3.2.2.3 Sampling
Method
Convenience
sampling method.
3.2.2.4 Sample
Size
According to formulae
(Kirkwood,1988);
N=P (100-P)/e2
Where,
N= Number of respondent
P = Prevalence of HDL-C level from previous
study (Knutsson A.,et al,2001)
e = Standard error
For
clinical nurse:
N=
26.7(100-26.7)/52
N
~ 78 respondents
+20%
to encounter the defaulters~ 16
=94
respondents
The estimated
total respondents that involved in this study were 94 respondents.
3.3
Instrumentation
According
to Polit, Beck & Hungler (2004), instruments are tools used by researchers
to collect data, such as adopt a questionnaire - questionnaires, schedules,
observations, or adopt a measuring scale.
In
this study, the author will get the permission from An Australian Nursing Federation for using their questionnaire of “Nurses and Information
Technology Survey”. (Appendix 1)
The
questionnaire consisted of 78 questions divided into the categories of :
i.
Background
ii.
Access and use of computers
iii.
Uses of
information technology
iv.
Access to the
internet
v.
Knowledge of
health information technology initiatives
vi.
Position requirements
for information technology
vii.
Training and
education in information technology
viii.
Barriers to use
ix.
Technical
support
x.
Management
attitudes and support
xi.
Security and
confidentiality
xii.
Professional organization
support
xiii.
Free comment
about information technology in the workplace.
3.3.1
Validity and reliability of the instrument
Validity
is the ability of an instrument used to measure what is supposed to be measured
in the study (Polit & Beck, Hungler, 2004).
Validity
of the instrument will be recovered by a panel of experts in the field of
nursing which are Nurse Manager and Head of the Department of Nursing. Both
panels were selected based on their experience with health information search
system.
Reliability
of the instrument was not done because the researchers used the original
questionnaire were identified.
3.4
Data collection procedure
3.4.1
Step of data collection
In
this study, author decided to use mail survey because the author consider the
busy time of nursing routine. When the respondents receive the questionnaire,
its allow respondents to fill it out at their own convenience and any potential interviewer bias may be reduced due
to lack of contact with the interviewer.
Researchers determined that the
distribution and data collection within 2 months.
In
the first week, the questionnaires will posted to a convenience sample of
clinical nurse. After 3 weeks, the researchers expect response from all
respondents. A reminder letter will sent to all respondents approximately 1
month after the original mailing to encourage replies from non-responders.
3.4.2
Confidentiality and anonymous
Some studies have shown that response rate is affected by the
anonymity/confidentiality policy of a study. Others have reported that
responses became more distorted when subjects felt threatened that their
identities would become known. Others have found that anonymity and
confidentiality issues do not affect response rates or responses (StatPac Inc, 2012).
In this study, it is difficult to
conduct an anonymous questionnaire through the mail because of the need to
follow-up on non-responders. The only way to do a follow-up is to mail another
survey or reminder postcard to the entire sample. However, it is possible to
guarantee confidentiality, where author promise not to reveal the information
to anyone. For the purpose of follow-up, identifying numbers on questionnaires
are generally preferred to using respondents' names. It is important, however,
to explain why the number is there and what it will be used for.
3.4.3
Ethic committee
According
to Burns (2005), states that ethics is needed in research to show or produce
practical knowledge. Thus researchers will comply with the ethics of research
until the end. It also is one of the research procedures related to
professional bodies, legal, social responsibility in the study. The main
purpose is to ensure that no person who assaulted or experiencing unwanted effects
from research activities.
In
this study, researchers do not need to apply for an approval of an organization
for doing research because the questionnaire
will be sent directly to the respondents home address.
3.5
Frameworks for data analysis
Analysis
was undertaken using SPSS on an item-by-item basis using descriptive and
inferential statistical tools as appropriate to the scale of measurement.
3.5.1
Quantitative data
Dichotomous
and categorical variables were described using frequencies and proportions.
As stated earlier, the sample was stratified according to
geographic location. Because of this, some analyses involving other variables
in the design required pooling of data to create sufficient power. Detection of
significant differences in proportions between two dichotomous or categorical
variables was achieved by the use of cross-tabulations using the X2 test of
significance and Fisher's exact test of significance if expected cell
frequencies in a 2 x 2 matrix were less than five. Numbers in some analyses
were quite large and as a result there was a propensity in the data for many
comparisons to be significant despite quite small effect sizes.
The Phi-coefficient or Cramer's V (in the case where one or both
variables have more than two levels) provides an indication of thestrength of
the relationship between two categorical variables. It was decided that a main
effectwould only be reported if: p=<0.05 and the Phi coefficient or Cramer's
V was 0.10 or greater. In this and all other reported analyses, Bonferroni
adjustments to alpha levels were made to control for family-wise error rates in
any post-hoc comparisons conducted. Comparisons between dichotomous or categorical variables and continuous
variables were achieved through the use of univariate analysis of variance
(ANOVA).
To ensure that reported differences were meaningful, an F
statistic was considered significant if: p=<0.05 and the associated partial
n2, an indication of the amount of variance explained by the relationship
between the variables in the analysis, was 0.01 or greater.If both variables
being compared were continuous in nature, a Pearson correlation coefficient was
used to describe the strength of the relationship. Consistent with other
analyses, a relationship wasconsidered meaningful if p=<0.05 and Pearson's
r=>0.10.
3.5.2
Qualitative data
A
number of questions were designed to collect qualitative data. Question 75
asked members to identify the nursing organization/s of which they were members
and Q76 offered respondents the opportunity to identify what their professional
organization could do for them with respect to information technology. Answers
from these questions were collated and sent without further analysis to all the
professional organizations to which respondents identified themselves as being members.
For
the qualitative question (Q78: Are there any other comments that you wish to
make about information technology in your workplace?) a thematic analysis was
undertaken following standard methodology. Qualitative data from the surveys
were transcribed verbatim and emerging themes and patterns of meaning were
identified. Data were analysed using six cycles: content analysis, coding of
texts, comparison through the process of indexing, re-analysis through text
search, re-interpretation of the data, and re-confirming preliminary analysis.
To increase the reliability of the emergent themes using the above analytical
procedure, two experienced research staff conducted separate data analyses and
compared the findings. The two research staff came to a consensus as to the
emergent theme.
4.0
Research Schedule
Good research has a clear long term plan. A schedule
establishes the timeline of tasks and responsibility. To achieve all the
objectives that have been built, a plan was made. Plan contains a list of all
the activities undertaken and the date of the tenure of an activity. The
researcher build the Gantt chart as a
time guidance. This study
will take about 6 month to complete. The Gantt chart below will
show the research schedule:-
Research title:
|
Barrier toward health
information-seeking on the internet among Malaysian Nurses
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m
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Jan 2013
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Feb 2013
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March 2013
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April
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WEEKS
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1
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2
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3
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4
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1
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2
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3
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4
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1
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2
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3
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4
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1
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2
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3
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4
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1
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Preparing the research proposal
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Application from ethic committee
|
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Pilot study
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Data Collection
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5/2/
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Data analysis
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Writing research finding
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Submission of project report book
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13
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Research presentation
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23
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(Total
words : 4940)
5.0
Rerefences
Andrews,
J.E. , Pearce, K.A., Ireson, C. & Love, M.M. (2005). Information Seeking
Behaviors Of Practitioners In A Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network. Journal
of the Medical Library Association. Vol 93 (758).
Bryant,
S.L. (2004). The information needs and information seeking behavior of family
doctors. Journal of Health Information and Libraries. Vol 21
(84-93).
Brown,
M.L. (2007). Clinical Librarian Programs May Lead To Information Behavior
Change. Evidence Based Library & Information Practice. Vol 2
(77-79).
Burns,
N. & Grove, S. K. (2005). The Practice of Nursiong Research, Conduct,
Critique & Utilization. 5th . Edition. Philadeiphia: W.B.
Saunders.
Contillo,
C. (2012). How The Internet Has Changed Nursing : Nursing Informatics Has
Caught The Wave of The Web. Available: www.workingnurse.com retrieve on 18/4/2012
Cogdill,
K. L. (2003). Information Needs and Information Seeking in Primary Care : A
Study of Nurse Practitioners. Journal of the Medical Library Association.
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